Disinfectant: Is a chemical substance that kill most of the bacteria is used for disinfecting only an inanimate object e.g. You can prevent infection from spreading by providing clients with clean surroundings.ĭisinfection: Process of eliminating pathogenic organisms on an inanimate object with the exception of spores. They include hand washing, bathing, cleaning environment, gloving, gowning, wearing mask, hair and shoe covers, disinfecting articles and use of antiseptics. Medical asepsis (clean technique) all practices that reduce the dumber, growth, transfer and spread of pathogenic microorganisms. Microbes as small as viruses and bacteria can be attacked. Through non-specific immunity, also called innate immunity, the human body protects itself against foreign material that is perceived to be harmful. The human immune system has two levels of immunity: specific and non-specific immunity. Transmission by insect or animal vectors.Example: Mosquitoes malaria vector, ticks Lyme disease vector.Precautions: Protective barriers (window screens, bed nets) insect sprays culling animals. Deliberate contamination of Tylenol in 1982 led to the use of tamper-proof containers for medicines. Cases may be widely dispersed due to transport and distribution of the vehicle.Precautions: Normal safety and disinfection standards. It caused 20 cases across five provinces. This can be a common source or a point source.Examplesa) Point source: Food-borne outbreak from infected batch of food cases typically cluster around the site (such as a restaurant)b) Common source: The Listeriosis outbreak in Canada in 2008 was linked to a meat production facility in Ontario. Can be spread via ventilation systems.Examples: TB measles chickenpox smallpox (and maybe influenza: controversial, as more likely via droplets).Precautions: Masks negative pressure rooms in hospitals.Ī single contaminated source spreads the infection (or poison). Transmission via aerosols (airborne particles <5µm) that contain organisms in droplet nuclei or in dusts. Droplets are relatively large (>5 µm) and can be projected up to about one metre.Examples: Meningococcus influenza (though there is some debate) respiratory viruses.Precautions: Masks cover mouth stand clear. Via coughing or sneezing, or (in health care) during suctioning. Infectious agent deposited onto an object or surface ( fomite) and survives long enough to transfer to another person who subsequently touches the object.Examples: RSV Norwalk rhinovirus perhaps influenza.Precautions: Sterilizing instruments disinfecting surfaces and toys in school. Contactĭirect physical contact (body surface to body surface) between infected individual and susceptible host.Examples: Influenza virus Infectious mononucleosis chlamydia.Precautions: Hand hygiene masks condoms. Note that the precautions to be taken vary with the microorganism and the context of the illness. Modes of transmission of infections and corresponding ways of controlling spread. Outside hospitals, the local public health authority can be consulted. In hospitals, the infection control team can be a source of advice on which precautions to use. For instance a case of influenza in a normal household setting does not require strict precautions, where as one in a long term care home might. Precautions will vary according to the microorganism involved and the context of the case. (See Table) If the mode of transmission is known, precautions can be put in place to prevent outbreaks. There are six common modes of transmission of infection. Wear gloves, mask, and apron when needed.īy doing these things, you may stop an infection either to you or your care. Keep clothing clean by holding things away from you. Portal of exit: Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.You can stop the process by ‘breaking’ the chain and removing one of the links. Elderly people are more susceptible due to aging changes. Susceptible Host: Someone more likely to become infected.Examples – cuts, mucous membranes (eyes, nose, mouth).
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